9+ Elegant Silver Last Supper Wall Plaque Decor


9+ Elegant Silver Last Supper Wall Plaque Decor

A decorative item depicting the biblical Last Supper, crafted from or plated with a precious metal, and designed to be mounted on a wall, serves as a visual representation of a significant religious event. Such an artifact often features intricate detailing and a reflective surface, aiming to capture the solemnity and artistic rendering of the depicted scene. Consider, for instance, a metal-based rendering of Leonardo da Vinci’s masterpiece, intended for home or ecclesiastical display.

The inherent value of the metallic composition, coupled with the religious significance of the subject matter, contributes to the desirability of these items. They can serve as objects of reverence, focal points for contemplation, and additions to collections of religious art. Furthermore, their presence within a home or place of worship can represent a commitment to faith and tradition. The artwork’s historical context roots itself in centuries of artistic representation of the Last Supper, evolving from frescoes to sculptures to various decorative arts.

This examination will delve into the materials, crafting techniques, design variations, market dynamics, and cultural implications associated with these decorative pieces. It will further discuss considerations for acquisition, display, and preservation to ensure the longevity and continued appreciation of such items.

1. Religious Symbolism

The depiction of the Last Supper, a pivotal event in Christian theology, imbues any artifact representing it with profound religious symbolism. Within the context of a “silver Last Supper wall plaque,” this symbolism is amplified by the inherent value and reflective properties of the metal itself. The Last Supper represents the final meal shared by Jesus Christ with his apostles before his crucifixion. Elements such as the bread and wine are symbolic of Christ’s body and blood, representing the sacrament of Holy Communion. The plaque, therefore, serves as a constant reminder of sacrifice, redemption, and the foundation of Christian belief. Its presence within a home or place of worship underscores a commitment to these core tenets.

Consider, for example, plaques displayed in churches or monasteries; these artifacts often serve as visual aids for instruction and meditation. The material used, such as a precious metal, elevates the representation beyond mere decoration, transforming it into an object of reverence. The act of displaying such a plaque is an affirmation of faith, similar to the placement of other religious icons. Furthermore, the choice of “silver” may allude to purity and incorruptibility, reinforcing the sanctity of the depicted event. The artistic interpretation, adhering to established iconographic traditions, ensures that the core symbols are readily recognizable and understood by viewers.

In summary, religious symbolism forms the cornerstone of the “silver Last Supper wall plaque’s” significance. It is not merely a decorative item but a tangible representation of deeply held beliefs. Understanding this connection is essential for appreciating the plaque’s intended purpose and its role within a religious or cultural context. The challenge lies in preserving both the artistic integrity and the spiritual essence of the depiction across different interpretations and material forms, ensuring that the core message remains intact.

2. Material Composition

The material composition of a “silver Last Supper wall plaque” is a primary determinant of its value, durability, and aesthetic qualities. The term “silver” implies the presence of this precious metal, but the precise alloy and method of application significantly influence the item’s characteristics. A solid silver plaque, crafted entirely from sterling or fine silver, exhibits substantial intrinsic worth due to the metal’s inherent market value and malleability, allowing for intricate detailing. Alternatively, a plaque may be silver-plated, wherein a base metal, such as pewter or copper, is coated with a thin layer of silver through electroplating or other bonding processes. The thickness and quality of the plating directly affect the plaque’s resistance to tarnishing and wear. For example, a plaque with a thin silver plating is more susceptible to corrosion and scratching than one with a thicker, more robust coating.

The choice of base metal also plays a critical role. Copper, known for its conductivity and corrosion resistance, provides a stable and long-lasting foundation for silver plating. Pewter, an alloy of tin and other metals, offers a cost-effective alternative, though it may be less durable. The finishing process, including polishing and lacquering, further affects the plaque’s appearance and longevity. A polished finish enhances the reflective properties of the silver, while a lacquer coating provides protection against oxidation. The hallmark or stamp indicating the silver content and manufacturer serves as an authentication marker, influencing collector appeal and perceived value. Counterfeit items often lack proper hallmarks or exhibit inconsistencies in the plating.

In summary, the material composition of a “silver Last Supper wall plaque” encompasses both the quality and quantity of silver and the properties of the underlying base metal. This composition directly impacts the plaque’s aesthetic appeal, durability, and market value. Understanding these material aspects is essential for assessing the plaque’s authenticity, preservation requirements, and overall worth. The challenge lies in accurately determining the silver content and plating thickness without destructive testing, often relying on visual inspection, hallmark analysis, and, in some cases, professional appraisal.

3. Artistic Representation

Artistic representation, in the context of a “silver Last Supper wall plaque,” encompasses the stylistic choices, techniques, and interpretations employed to depict the biblical event. These artistic decisions significantly impact the plaque’s aesthetic appeal, its ability to convey religious meaning, and its perceived value as a work of art.

  • Iconographic Fidelity

    This refers to the adherence to traditional symbols, figures, and compositional elements associated with the Last Supper. High fidelity ensures that the scene is readily recognizable and conforms to established religious conventions. For example, the arrangement of the apostles around the table, the presence of bread and wine, and the portrayal of Christ in a central, dominant position are all key iconographic elements. Deviations from these norms may signal a unique artistic interpretation or a departure from traditional religious representations, potentially impacting its acceptance within certain communities.

  • Stylistic Interpretation

    While maintaining iconographic fidelity, artists employ various stylistic approaches, ranging from realistic portrayals to more stylized or abstract representations. A realistic approach may focus on anatomical accuracy and detailed rendering of textures and expressions, aiming to create a lifelike depiction of the scene. Alternatively, a stylized approach may emphasize simplified forms, symbolic colors, and decorative patterns. The chosen style reflects the artist’s vision and the intended aesthetic effect, influencing the plaque’s overall appearance and its appeal to different viewers. The style can range from Renaissance-inspired realism to Byzantine-influenced stylization.

  • Material Influence

    The properties of the silver material itself influence the artistic representation. The reflective surface of the metal can create highlights and shadows that enhance the three-dimensionality of the scene. The malleability of silver allows for intricate detailing and the creation of delicate textures. The inherent value of the material also elevates the artistic representation, transforming it from a mere depiction into a precious object. The artist must consider how to best utilize the unique characteristics of silver to enhance the overall artistic impact of the plaque. For example, using repouss techniques to create raised details that catch the light, or employing contrasting finishes to create visual interest.

  • Emotional Expression

    Beyond accurate depiction, the artistic representation aims to evoke emotional responses in the viewer. The expressions on the faces of the figures, the composition of the scene, and the use of light and shadow can all contribute to the emotional impact of the plaque. A somber and reverent depiction may emphasize the solemnity of the occasion, while a more dramatic portrayal may focus on the tension and conflict within the group. The artist’s ability to convey these emotions through visual means is a key element of successful artistic representation. The choice of depicting Christ with serenity or sorrow, the apostles with concern or betrayal, directly affects the emotional resonance of the piece.

In conclusion, the artistic representation of the “silver Last Supper wall plaque” is a multifaceted aspect, blending iconographic tradition, stylistic interpretation, the influence of the material, and the intention to evoke emotional responses. These elements collectively determine the plaque’s aesthetic value, its ability to convey religious meaning, and its overall impact on the viewer. The interplay of these factors underscores the importance of considering the artistic merit alongside the religious significance when evaluating such an artifact.

4. Craftsmanship Quality

Craftsmanship quality is a critical determinant of the value, aesthetic appeal, and longevity of any “silver Last Supper wall plaque.” It encompasses the skill, precision, and attention to detail demonstrated in the plaque’s creation, influencing its visual impact and perceived worth.

  • Detailing and Precision

    The level of detailing applied to the figures, the table setting, and the surrounding environment reflects the artisan’s skill. Sharp, well-defined lines, accurate proportions, and intricate textures indicate a high level of craftsmanship. Consider, for example, the folds of the garments, the expressions on the faces of the apostles, or the intricate patterns on the tablecloth. Poor craftsmanship is evident in blurred lines, disproportionate figures, or a lack of detail, detracting from the overall aesthetic. This precision directly impacts the plaque’s ability to effectively convey the intended religious narrative.

  • Material Handling and Finishing

    Proper material handling during the fabrication process is essential. Flawless silverwork, free from scratches, dents, or imperfections, signifies careful handling and expertise. The finishing process, including polishing, engraving, or applying patinas, also reflects craftsmanship quality. A well-polished surface enhances the reflectivity of the silver, accentuating the details of the design. Skillful engraving adds depth and texture, while a carefully applied patina can create an antique appearance. Inconsistent polishing, rough edges, or poorly applied patinas diminish the overall quality of the plaque.

  • Structural Integrity and Durability

    The structural integrity of the plaque ensures its longevity. Securely attached components, a robust backing, and a well-designed mounting system contribute to the plaque’s durability. Weak joints, flimsy materials, or a poorly designed mounting system can compromise the plaque’s structural integrity, making it susceptible to damage. A well-crafted plaque should withstand the test of time, maintaining its structural integrity and aesthetic appeal for generations.

  • Adherence to Artistic Standards

    Craftsmanship quality also extends to the adherence to established artistic standards. Accurate representation of biblical figures, appropriate use of symbolism, and a balanced composition are all indicators of a skilled artisan. A plaque that deviates significantly from these standards may be considered poorly crafted, even if the technical execution is flawless. The ability to blend technical skill with artistic sensitivity is a hallmark of exceptional craftsmanship. This includes understanding proportion, perspective, and the effective use of light and shadow to create a visually compelling and religiously meaningful work.

These facets of craftsmanship quality collectively determine the overall value and appeal of a “silver Last Supper wall plaque.” A piece exhibiting exceptional detailing, flawless material handling, structural integrity, and adherence to artistic standards represents a significant investment of skill and expertise, resulting in a valuable and enduring work of art. Conversely, a plaque lacking in these qualities diminishes the aesthetic and monetary value.

5. Size and Dimensions

The size and dimensions of a “silver Last Supper wall plaque” exert a significant influence on its visual impact, suitability for various display settings, and overall value. Plaque dimensions directly determine the level of detail that can be incorporated into the artistic representation. Larger plaques permit finer detailing in the depiction of figures, facial expressions, and background elements, enhancing the realism and narrative power of the scene. Conversely, smaller plaques necessitate simplification of detail, potentially reducing the complexity and emotional resonance of the artwork. For example, a plaque measuring 30×60 cm allows for substantially more detail compared to one measuring 15×30 cm, impacting the clarity and impact of the religious scene portrayed. The choice of size is, therefore, inextricably linked to the desired level of artistic fidelity and the intended viewer experience.

The dimensions also dictate the plaque’s suitability for different display contexts. Larger plaques are typically better suited for prominent display in spacious settings, such as churches, chapels, or larger homes, where their visual presence can be fully appreciated. Smaller plaques, on the other hand, are more appropriate for more intimate settings, such as personal altars, studies, or smaller rooms, where they can serve as subtle reminders of faith. The weight associated with the dimensions also influences the mounting requirements. Larger, heavier plaques necessitate more robust mounting hardware and installation techniques to ensure secure and stable display. The practical implications of these considerations are substantial; improper sizing can lead to visual imbalance in a room or pose a risk of damage due to inadequate mounting.

In summary, the size and dimensions of a “silver Last Supper wall plaque” are not merely arbitrary measurements but rather critical determinants of its artistic impact, display suitability, and practical considerations for installation. Careful consideration of these factors is essential when selecting a plaque, ensuring that its dimensions complement both the artistic design and the intended display environment. The challenge lies in balancing the desire for detailed representation with the practical limitations of space and mounting capabilities, ultimately achieving a harmonious integration of art and setting.

6. Mounting Mechanism

The mounting mechanism of a “silver Last Supper wall plaque” is inextricably linked to its long-term preservation, display stability, and overall aesthetic presentation. The selection and implementation of an appropriate mounting method directly impacts the plaque’s ability to be securely and safely affixed to a wall surface. A poorly designed or executed mounting mechanism poses significant risks, potentially leading to accidental falls, damage to the plaque itself, and even injury. For example, a heavy, intricately detailed plaque relying on a single, small screw for support is inherently vulnerable. The stress exerted on the screw can cause it to loosen over time, eventually resulting in the plaque detaching from the wall. Conversely, a well-engineered mounting system, such as a French cleat or multiple secure anchor points, distributes the weight evenly, providing a stable and reliable attachment.

The mounting mechanism also plays a crucial role in the aesthetic integration of the plaque within its display environment. A visible or obtrusive mounting system can detract from the plaque’s artistic beauty, disrupting the visual harmony of the artwork. For instance, large, unsightly brackets or exposed screws can diminish the plaque’s elegance and sophistication. Ideally, the mounting mechanism should be discreet, minimizing its visibility and allowing the plaque to appear seamlessly integrated with the wall surface. Recessed mounting systems, hidden brackets, or carefully concealed fasteners are examples of approaches that prioritize aesthetic considerations alongside structural integrity. Furthermore, the material composition of the mounting hardware must be compatible with the plaque’s metallic nature to prevent corrosion or galvanic reactions that could damage the silver over time. Brass or stainless steel hardware are often preferred due to their durability and resistance to corrosion.

In conclusion, the mounting mechanism is not merely a functional component but an integral element of the “silver Last Supper wall plaque,” impacting its safety, longevity, and aesthetic presentation. The selection of an appropriate mounting method demands careful consideration of the plaque’s weight, dimensions, material composition, and the intended display environment. The successful integration of a secure, discreet, and compatible mounting mechanism ensures the plaque’s continued preservation and enhances its visual impact, allowing it to be safely and beautifully displayed for generations to come. The challenge lies in balancing structural requirements with aesthetic considerations, ultimately achieving a harmonious union of form and function.

7. Patina and Finish

The patina and finish of a “silver Last Supper wall plaque” significantly influence its aesthetic character, perceived age, and market value. These attributes represent the surface condition of the metal and the applied treatments designed to enhance or preserve its appearance.

  • Natural Oxidation and Tarnish

    Silver, when exposed to air and moisture, undergoes a natural oxidation process, resulting in the formation of tarnish, a dark, often uneven layer on the surface. This tarnish, or patina, can be viewed as a sign of age and authenticity, particularly in antique or vintage items. Some collectors appreciate the character and history conveyed by a well-developed patina. However, excessive or uneven tarnish can obscure details and detract from the plaque’s visual appeal. For instance, a plaque stored in a humid environment may develop a significantly darker and more uneven patina than one stored in dry conditions. The presence and nature of tarnish directly affect the methods and materials required for cleaning and preservation.

  • Intentional Patination and Antiquing

    Artisans may intentionally induce a patina on a “silver Last Supper wall plaque” to replicate the appearance of age or to enhance certain design elements. This process, often referred to as antiquing, involves the application of chemical solutions that accelerate the oxidation process, creating a controlled and uniform patina. For example, liver of sulfur is a common chemical used to darken silver surfaces. The resulting patina can then be selectively removed or polished to highlight specific areas, creating a contrast between darkened recesses and bright, reflective surfaces. This intentional patination aims to imbue the plaque with a sense of history and depth, enhancing its perceived value and aesthetic appeal. However, the authenticity of the “antique” appearance must be carefully assessed, as poorly executed antiquing can detract from the plaque’s quality.

  • Polishing and Surface Treatments

    Polishing is a common surface treatment applied to “silver Last Supper wall plaques” to remove tarnish and restore the metal’s original luster. Regular polishing can maintain the plaque’s bright and reflective appearance, enhancing its visual impact. However, excessive or abrasive polishing can damage the surface of the silver, removing fine details and potentially thinning any silver plating. Protective coatings, such as lacquers or waxes, are often applied after polishing to prevent tarnish and maintain the polished finish. These coatings create a barrier between the silver and the environment, slowing down the oxidation process. The choice of polishing agents and protective coatings must be carefully considered to avoid damaging the silver or altering its aesthetic character.

  • Finishing Techniques and Texturing

    Various finishing techniques can be employed to alter the surface texture of a “silver Last Supper wall plaque,” adding visual interest and depth. These techniques include hammering, engraving, etching, and chasing. Hammering creates a textured surface with subtle variations in light and shadow. Engraving involves carving designs or patterns into the silver surface, adding intricate details. Etching uses acid to selectively remove portions of the silver, creating recessed areas. Chasing involves using specialized tools to create raised or embossed designs. These finishing techniques can enhance the plaque’s artistic appeal and create a unique visual identity. The quality and execution of these techniques are key indicators of craftsmanship and artistic merit.

The interplay between patina and finish determines the overall aesthetic character of a “silver Last Supper wall plaque.” Whether maintained with a bright, polished finish or intentionally aged with a carefully controlled patina, the surface treatment significantly influences the plaque’s visual impact, perceived value, and long-term preservation. Understanding the various processes and techniques involved is essential for informed acquisition, proper care, and appreciation of these artistic and religious artifacts.

8. Market Value

The market value of a “silver Last Supper wall plaque” is a multifaceted construct, influenced by several key factors that converge to determine its worth. The intrinsic value of the silver itself, as dictated by prevailing precious metal prices, forms a foundational element. However, this constitutes only a fraction of the overall market value. Scarcity, condition, artistic merit, historical provenance, and the prevailing demand within the collectible religious art market significantly amplify the final valuation. For example, a “silver Last Supper wall plaque” authenticated as a limited-edition piece from a renowned silversmith commands a substantially higher price than a mass-produced, silver-plated replica, irrespective of the base metal’s composition.

Furthermore, the market value is inextricably linked to the craftsmanship exhibited in the plaque’s creation. Intricate detailing, meticulous execution, and the skillful application of patinas or finishes contribute positively to its perceived worth. A plaque displaying evident signs of age, damage, or poor restoration typically experiences a corresponding decrease in market value. Online auction platforms and specialized antique dealers serve as barometers of market trends, providing insights into current pricing benchmarks. Fluctuations in precious metal prices, shifts in collector preferences, and the emergence of rediscovered historical pieces all contribute to the dynamic nature of the market value for these religious artifacts. Consider, for instance, the impact of a high-profile museum exhibition featuring similar works, which often leads to a surge in demand and, consequently, increased prices.

In conclusion, assessing the market value of a “silver Last Supper wall plaque” necessitates a comprehensive evaluation encompassing material composition, artistic quality, historical context, and prevailing market conditions. The interplay of these factors creates a complex valuation landscape. Challenges remain in accurately authenticating pieces and determining their provenance, underscoring the importance of expert appraisal. The broader implications of this understanding extend to collectors, investors, and institutions involved in the acquisition, preservation, and exhibition of religious art, enabling informed decision-making and responsible stewardship of these cultural treasures.

9. Historical Context

The historical context surrounding a “silver Last Supper wall plaque” profoundly influences its significance, value, and interpretation. The Last Supper, a pivotal event in Christian theology, has been depicted across diverse media throughout history, reflecting prevailing artistic styles, religious interpretations, and social customs. Understanding the specific historical period in which a particular plaque was created provides critical insights into its design, iconography, and intended audience. For instance, a plaque produced during the Renaissance may exhibit stylistic influences of that era, such as realistic anatomical representations and a focus on perspective, whereas a plaque originating from the Byzantine period would likely feature more stylized figures and symbolic imagery. These stylistic choices are direct reflections of the prevailing artistic and religious norms of their respective times.

The socio-political climate surrounding the creation of a “silver Last Supper wall plaque” also shapes its meaning. During periods of religious persecution or upheaval, such objects might have served as clandestine symbols of faith, imbued with deeper layers of meaning for those who possessed them. The materials used, such as silver, could signify wealth and status, reflecting the patronage of affluent individuals or institutions. Conversely, simpler materials might indicate a more modest origin, potentially intended for personal devotion within less privileged communities. The historical context, therefore, allows one to discern whether a plaque was intended for public display in a grand cathedral or for private contemplation within a humble home. Furthermore, knowledge of historical silversmithing techniques and regional artistic traditions is crucial for authenticating a plaque and determining its provenance.

In conclusion, historical context is an indispensable component in understanding and appreciating a “silver Last Supper wall plaque.” It provides a framework for interpreting its artistic style, religious symbolism, and socio-political significance. This understanding is vital for collectors, historians, and art enthusiasts seeking to accurately assess the plaque’s value, significance, and place within the broader narrative of religious art history. The challenge lies in meticulously researching and documenting a plaque’s origins, requiring expertise in art history, religious studies, and material analysis. By contextualizing these objects within their historical framework, a richer and more nuanced understanding of their enduring appeal and cultural relevance emerges.

Frequently Asked Questions

This section addresses common inquiries and misconceptions regarding artifacts depicting the Last Supper crafted from or plated with silver, intended for wall display. The following questions and answers aim to provide clarity and informed perspectives.

Question 1: What constitutes a “silver Last Supper wall plaque”?

A “silver Last Supper wall plaque” is a decorative item representing the biblical Last Supper scene, constructed from silver or a base metal with a silver plating, designed for mounting on a wall. The silver content and craftsmanship significantly influence its value.

Question 2: How can the authenticity of a silver Last Supper wall plaque be verified?

Authenticity verification requires examination for hallmarks indicating silver content, assessment of craftsmanship quality, analysis of stylistic elements aligning with known historical periods, and potential professional appraisal by a qualified expert.

Question 3: What are the primary factors influencing the market value of these plaques?

Market value is influenced by the silver content, the artistic merit of the depiction, the historical significance, the condition of the plaque, and the prevailing market demand for religious artifacts.

Question 4: What are the recommended methods for cleaning and preserving a silver Last Supper wall plaque?

Cleaning involves using specialized silver polishes formulated to remove tarnish without damaging the surface. Preservation entails storing the plaque in a dry environment, avoiding harsh chemicals, and potentially applying protective coatings to prevent oxidation.

Question 5: What are the common types of damage that can affect these plaques?

Common damage includes tarnishing due to oxidation, scratches from improper handling, dents from impact, and deterioration of silver plating due to wear or corrosion.

Question 6: Where are silver Last Supper wall plaques typically displayed?

These plaques are commonly displayed in homes, churches, chapels, monasteries, and other religious settings as objects of devotion, decoration, or historical significance.

In summary, understanding the material composition, historical context, and proper care techniques is essential for appreciating and preserving a “silver Last Supper wall plaque.” Accurate assessment of authenticity and value often requires professional expertise.

The subsequent section will explore specific case studies related to “silver Last Supper wall plaques” and their cultural significance.

Tips for Acquiring and Maintaining a Silver Last Supper Wall Plaque

This section provides concise guidance on the responsible acquisition and care of these religious art objects, intended for collectors, institutions, and individuals seeking to preserve their value and aesthetic appeal.

Tip 1: Prioritize Authentication. Before purchase, verify the silver content and origin of the plaque. Examine hallmarks, seek expert appraisal, and obtain documented provenance whenever possible to mitigate the risk of acquiring a counterfeit item.

Tip 2: Assess Condition Carefully. Thoroughly inspect the plaque for signs of damage, including scratches, dents, or silver plating deterioration. Factor the cost of potential restoration into the purchase price, recognizing that extensive repairs can be costly.

Tip 3: Understand Historical Context. Research the historical period and artistic style of the plaque. This knowledge will inform its interpretation, enhance its appreciation, and aid in making informed acquisition decisions.

Tip 4: Implement Proper Storage. Store the plaque in a dry, stable environment, away from direct sunlight and extreme temperature fluctuations. Consider using a specialized storage case or wrapping to protect it from dust and physical damage.

Tip 5: Practice Gentle Cleaning. Clean the plaque regularly with a soft, lint-free cloth to remove surface dust. Use specialized silver polish sparingly and only when necessary to address tarnish, avoiding abrasive cleaners that can damage the silver surface.

Tip 6: Consider Professional Restoration. For significant damage or extensive tarnishing, consult a professional art conservator specializing in metal objects. Attempting to restore the plaque without proper expertise can cause irreversible harm.

Tip 7: Secure Mounting Appropriately. Choose a mounting system that is appropriate for the plaque’s weight and dimensions. Ensure that the mounting hardware is securely attached to both the plaque and the wall to prevent accidental falls.

The application of these tips promotes the preservation of the “silver Last Supper wall plaque,” safeguarding its artistic and historical significance. Diligence in these areas ensures its value for future generations.

The concluding segment will summarize the key insights discussed throughout this article regarding the acquisition, preservation, and appreciation of such objects.

Conclusion

This exploration has illuminated the multifaceted nature of the “silver Last Supper wall plaque.” It is established that the artifact transcends mere decorative status, functioning as a nexus of religious symbolism, artistic representation, material value, and historical context. Accurate assessment necessitates consideration of silver content, craftsmanship quality, provenance, and prevailing market forces. Proper handling and maintenance protocols are essential for long-term preservation, safeguarding both the aesthetic and intrinsic value of the piece.

Continued research and documentation are crucial for furthering understanding of these artifacts and their cultural significance. Thoughtful stewardship, informed by expertise and a commitment to preservation, will ensure that the “silver Last Supper wall plaque” endures as a tangible link to history, faith, and artistic expression. Future endeavors should focus on refining authentication methods and promoting responsible collecting practices within the art market.